What is navigation by reference to visible landmarks known as?

Navigation by reference to visible landmarks is known as pilotage. This method involves using identifiable features on the ground or sea, such as roads, buildings, landmarks, and geographical formations, to determine one's position and navigate accordingly. Pilots utilize visual cues to make navigational decisions and ensure they remain on course, making it particularly useful in areas with easy-to-identify features.

In contrast, dead reckoning involves calculating one's current position based on previously determined positions, taking into account elapsed time, speed, and course, without visual references. Drone navigation can involve different systems, typically relying on GPS or sensors rather than visible landmarks. Celestial navigation is a method that uses the positions of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies to determine one's location, which is not dependent on visible terrestrial features.